Our knowledge of physics tells us that we do require air (or "fluid" as they say in physics) to fly drones.
But what if it was possible to take a drone's air with it into outer space ? How ? By fitting an air-tight enclosure around the drone.
Ok ... wait ... physics will have something to say about that too! ... it won't fly! ... Net zero force
Newton's 3rd law will prohibit it ... and yes that is true ... if we constrain our minds with current flight machines designs.

... ok explain ...

What if it was possible to come up with a new drone propulsion design ... one that bend (or curve) the ejected propeller air, all the time!
Would that imply that the ejected air will never form a jet stream and will lose it's kinetic energy quickly ?

Ok, say that could work, but how would the re-action forces on the drone be used so that the drone can move in a pre-determined direction ( be controlled ) ?
The answer for that is also given by physics ... vectors with a resultant vector.
Ok, surely you will need more than vectors ?
Yes, add some some Arduino wizardry - 1 or 2 very unique algorithms - together with an IMU ( like a Bosch BNO055), plus a few other parts ...
and you have an outward spinning drone! What is an outward spinning drone ?

                The Droverbot

Propelling any vehicle in a pre-determined direction while the entire vehicle continues to rotate (outward spinning) is a groundbreaking innovation in propulsion.
With current mainstream propulsion vehicles, the engines (or motors) provide thrust via the axle in a hub,
e.g. car wheels with an axle at the centre, for propellers with an axle at the centre.
But with the experimental drone above, the thrusters are located on the spokes and rim of the octagon frame.

This propulsion system have distinct characteristics that can be exploited, with huge potential as explored in this post.


Ok, but the droverbot drone is not flying as shown above. Why ?
There are several reasons why I chosed to propel the experimental drone horizontal and not vertical, but it is a story for another time.

But just to indicate how vertical flight might work, please click the link below for another video, it is an early 2D simulation I’ve build a few years
ago which shows just that

               Vertical Flight Simulation

The 2D simulator software I used, only had rocket thrusters for propulsion, which would've been a limiting factor if
this simulation had to be build in the real world, with the forces shown in the simulation.

However, it does illustrate how an outward spinning object perform vertical flight.
The Droverbot (shown in the first video) method of propulsion is far more matured, versatile and capable of vertical flight as shown in this early simulation.
(See the Whitepaper in the link, further down below to understand the drone’s method of propulsion.)



Key aspects of this experimental drone (or “droverbot”) that set it apart.

• This drone has the ability to propel in a straight line in a predetermined direction while the entire drone (including its thrusters) is rotating continuously.
• The continuous rotation of the entire drone creates an interesting phenomenon where the air is distributed once it leaves the propeller blades,
  resulting from the entire drone's rotating motion.
• Powered by 8 brushless motors and propellers, this drone exhibits both linear and rotational motion.
  Four motors managing linear motion and four rotational motion.
• Modular in design, this drone can be scaled up by adding more drones to a common platform, creating larger drones that can be further scaled,
  only limited by practicality.
  The central hub of the drone (centroid) allows for an axle to be fitted, providing the flexibility and versatility to scale.

Key Properties

• The reaction forces generated by the motor-propellers on the drone due to ejected air (action forces) are harnessed as vectors in
  such a way that they cause a consistent resultant vector. The resultant vector (direction and force) can be chosen and adjusted as needed.
• Since air is distributed behind motor-propellers continuously, it is not reinforced with additional ejected air,
  leading to quicker weakening of the kinetic energy of the ejected air compared to other propulsion systems
  where ejected air is continuously reinforced (e.g. jet streams behind an airplane’s propellers).
• This experimental drone, as shown in the video, can propel along a horizontal plane.
  With further development, the drone can be orientated vertically and should be able to propel upward into the atmosphere.
  Each drone is capable of propelling along one plane, and when multiple drones are combined, they can move in any direction in three-dimensional space.
  Individual drones can be connected modularly to a common frame by attaching an axle to each drone hub at its centroid.

Implications

• The drone's resultant vector can be directed to any degree within 360 degrees. Direction and force can be adjusted as needed.
  In a multi-drone vehicle, the combined vectors of the drones enable flexible manoeuvring in three-dimensional space.
• Since there is no reinforced ejected jet stream (as mentioned earlier) and weak kinetic energy that dissipate rapidly when air molecules collide
  with other air molecules at rest, it is feasible to assume that an enclosure (with a sufficient air cushion between propellers and wall) can
  be added around the drone.
  
  Adding an enclosure will have several key implications:
  
  
  • Below follow a few implications when propelling earth-based:
    
    
    • An enclosure will solve the problem of dust and debris kicking up from propeller-engines at low altitudes.
    • Unlike rockets with fixed cylinder shapes, an enclosed vehicle with rapid directional changes and
      flexible design shapes will not be limited by high-altitude winds, ensuring flights are not cancelled.
    • The risk of objects (or debris) colliding with propellers will be eliminated with an enclosure.
    • An enclosure will significantly reduce noise pollution caused by conventional airplane propellers.
    • The risk of losing parts will also be eliminated by an enclosure.
    • Taking all of the above into account, the automotive industry should be able to build "real" – flying cars.
  • An air-tight enclosure will enable drones to fly in outer space without requiring an atmosphere.
  • An air-tight enclosure will ensure that all propellant (air) is re-used. Since air does not contain energy,
    the energy source when earth-based, can be battery powered.
    
    When in outer space, the energy source could be a small nuclear reactor (e.g. “Kilopower” reactor as build by NASA).
    
    This have the potential to reduce the mass to 10% or less of the vehicle's total mass compared to rockets where
    propellant (with integrated chemical energy source) is over 90% of the vehicle’s total mass.
    
    With unlimited propellant (re-usable) and long-term energy sources like nuclear re-actors, long-term trips in the solar system and potentially,
    even interstellar travel to neighboring stars becomes feasible from a propulsion system point of view.
    
    
    You might wonder if Newton's third law will be upheld when a drone is enclosed.
    
    With conventional propeller-engine thrusters, this is impossible due to the reinforced ejected jet stream (action force) that is equal
    in strength to the reaction force on the vehicle, in the opposite direction. This results in a net zero force.
    
    However, with this experimental drone, there is no reinforced, ejected jet stream in the opposite direction.
    Instead, due to its continuous rotation, the ejected air is not reinforced by more air, but is distributed.
    
    
    So, how does Newton's third law apply then?
    
    At a moment (fraction of a second) of air ejection, Newton's third law is applicable, but since the ejected air is not reinforced by the next moment of air ejection
    (which is ejected at a different degree as the drone rotates), no ejected air jet stream is created (in the opposite direction) as with conventional aircraft.
    
    However, the sum of the distributed air (action force) still equals the sum of the reaction force on the vehicle. Newton's third law is upheld.
    Since multiple drones can be attached to a large platform, which can take any shape (limited only by practicality), various types of vehicles can be built.
    This is not limited to vehicles but could result in large upper atmospheric platforms (even in the atmospheres of other planets) or even platforms in space.

Resources
Check out the link below for more in-depth technical details on the drone's construction, functionality, experimental results, and potential applications.

Droverbot - Whitepaper

Explore further by accessing the source code for the drone and additional materials through the provided link below.

The-Droverbot at GitHub

To delve deeper into the details of the drone's design, discover the 3D models available at the following link.

FPVWorkBenchV42.zip (Microsoft 3D Builder)

Next steps

This experimental drone is the starting point, marking the transition from zero to one, for a new type of vehicle. Alot of work will still need to be done
to make this a reality.

To unlock its full potential, it will require a collective effort from a community. This could be a revolutionary innovative project if a community decides so.
My hope is that a community will come together around this project to build upon this effort

Please leave a comment below on your thoughts.

Here is a preliminary high-level plan of the next steps that are needed.

High-Level Action Plan

1. Redesign Drone Frame
The current octagon drone frame requires an overhaul, as it was originally designed to host 16 motors for testing various permutations.
The focus should be on creating a lightweight octagon shape frame that is both structurally reinforced and sized appropriately to withstand forces at play.

2. The source code
The source code needs tidying up and rewriting to accommodate improved algorithms for linear and rotational motion,
as well as integrating the list of permutations to control propulsion in different directions.
This also includes expanding the list of permutations on how the 8 motors can be applied together for vertical flight, and multi-vehicle drone configurations.
As development advances, the codebase have the potential to expand to cater for multi-drones, underwater propulsion, space flight, acceleration and
deceleration in different mediums, and much more.

3. Electronic Components
The drone is constructed using consumer-grade electronics on top of the Arduino platform. Each component requires review and replacement if a better component
can be found that will enhance its versatility in creating a more advanced drone.
For example, the current IMU (Bosch BNO055) has limitations with its magnetometer. Additionally, a GPS should be added and better remote-control radio for starters.

4.Multi-drone
Once vertical tests flights are successful, several drones can then be attached to a central frame, and a single flight control computer will manage them all together.
This will enable the vehicle to move in any direction in 3D space.

5. Enclosure
At the same time (or afterward), a super lightweight, air-tight enclosure will be built to fit around individual drones or the multi-drone vehicle.

When this test succeeds, space travel will become a reality for drones. Enclosed air (as a propellant) will be reused with only the energy source that could deplete.
This will result in the ultimate reusable vehicle. This have the potential to revolutionize transportation and spaceflight forever.

6. Undersea Maneuvers
By modifying the existing design for submerged propulsion, trials can be performed below the surface, replacing air (a fluid) with water.

In Conclusion

I've been working on this project in my spare time for a very long time, and it's now at a stage where I believe the fundamental technology has been develop that can be built upon.
With a community involved, progress can be faster and who knows where this effort can go!

I want to thank God Almighty for carrying me over the years to continue, for my family supporting me.
It would have been impossible to get to this point without them.

Please leave your comments below.

How can BVLOS drone operations be conducted in Europe, especially using a drone docking station? When it comes to flying drones in Europe, understanding the regulations and its entire architecture is important. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) oversees the regulations across 27 European Union Countries and 4 others including Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland to ensure safe and standardized drone operations.

Recently, we conducted a webinar featuring Matteo Natale, Technical Standards Manager at DJI, focusing on breaking down EU drone regulations, right from the fundamentals to dock operations, while shedding light on the key components that drone operators need to understand.

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Classification of drone operations

The European airspace categorizes aerial operations into three main types. The regulation in Europe follows the concept of proportionality. These categories are tailored based on the level of risk associated with different drone operations. This regulatory framework applies to both, commercial and non-commercial operations.

 

Regulatory framework

Open category
The Open category pertains to low-risk aerial operations with minimal involvement from authorities. However, there are several technical restrictions and flight limitations to consider. Operators simply need to register their drones, check state insurance requirements, and fly within the operational limits set by the subcategory. The manufacturer, who needs to provide drones with a class identification label, handles any technical restrictions. However, these operations are limited to Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) only and cannot be used for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) flights. 

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In this category, the drones are restricted to a maximum altitude of 120 meters above ground level and can weigh no more than 25 kilograms. The Open category is further divided into subcategories A1, A2, and A3.-- which may be summarized as follows:

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A1: fly over people but not over assemblies of people 

A2: fly close to people

A3: fly far from people

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Specific category

The Specific category involves a higher level of involvement from authorities. Unlike the Open category, drones in the Specific category can fly Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS), above 120 meters in altitude, and weigh more than 25 kilograms. Generally, commercial drone operations utilizing docking stations to automate flight operations fall under this category. Operators need to seek operational authorization from the National Aviation Authority (NAA) through the following approvals:

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SORA: It is a risk assessment methodology for drone flights in a specific category that aids in classifying risks, identifying mitigations, and setting safety objectives. SORA helps establish operational limitations, training goals, technical requirements, and operational procedures.

PDRA: The Predefined Risk Assessment (PDRA) is an operational scenario for which EASA has already carried out the risk assessment and has been published as an acceptable means of compliance.

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STS: STS is a predefined operation described in EU regulations. An operator is not required to obtain operational authorization to conduct an operation covered by a STS. Two STSs have been published so far:

• STS 01 – VLOS over a controlled ground area in a populated environment;
• STS 02 – BVLOS with Airspace Observers over a controlled.

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LUC: Light Unmanned Operator Certificate (LUC) is an optional certification that grants privileges, such as starting operations in a specific category without requiring operational authorization. Operators can voluntarily request an assessment from their NAA to evaluate their capability to assess operational risks.

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Certified category
The Certified category is designated as high-risk and operates under a regulatory framework akin to crewed aviation. This category applies to operations involving elevated risks such as transporting passengers, carrying dangerous goods, and flying over assemblies of people with drones positioned above three meters.

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Understanding Class Identification Label

According to EU regulations, Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) are classified into seven distinct categories known as Class Identification Labels. The specifications and physical characteristics of the drone are what determine its classification. These labels range from C0 to C6, with drones in the C0 class weighing less than 250 grams and those in the C6 class weighing less than 25 kilograms. They apply to both the open and specific categories.

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Following are the technical requirements and limitations for all class-labeled drones:

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These labels provide clarity for drone operators and regulatory authorities alike. They ensure that drones are appropriately matched with the level of risk associated with their operation. By categorizing drones into specific classes, the regulations have been tailored to address the varying levels of risk posed by different types of drones. This approach promotes safety, accountability, and standardization across the drone industry.

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The specific category includes class labels C5 and C6. They require the implementation of a geocaging system, enabling remote pilots to establish a virtual perimeter and a programmable boundary for their operations. Additionally, a flight termination system (FTS) must be available for emergencies.

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Obtaining operational approvals for the Specific category operations

The Specific category encompasses a wide range of activities, from commercial endeavors to specialized missions that require a higher level of involvement from regulatory authorities. To ensure compliance and safety, operators must undergo a rigorous process of obtaining approvals. By understanding and following these steps, operators can navigate the complexities of the Specific category.

1. Concept of Operations (ConOps): In the drone industry, ConOps outlines how drone systems are used in specific operational environments. It details the roles of drones, user responsibilities, various flight and mission scenarios, as well as maintenance and support protocols, guiding stakeholders through the development, implementation, and usage stages.
   
   
2. Risk Assessment: This assessment helps evaluate potential hazards and assesses the level of risk associated with the proposed drone operation. These assessments could be in the form of Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA), Predefined Risk Assessment (PDRA),  Standard Scenario (STS), or Light UAS Operator Certificate (LUC), as mentioned above.
   
   
3. Training: Operators should undergo specific training to demonstrate proficiency in operating drones within the Specific category. These training sessions could cover topics such as flight planning, emergency response, and compliance with regulations. Training ensures that operators have the necessary skills and knowledge to conduct operations safely and effectively.
   
   
4. Approvals: The national aviation authorities evaluate the proposed ConOps and if all the requirements regarding mitigating potential risks are met, they grant approval for the operation to proceed.
   
   
5. Flight: Once the approvals are completed one can conduct the drone operations.

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Understanding the Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) in detail

According to EASA “SORA is a methodology for the classification of the risk posed by a drone flight in the specific category of operations and for the identification of mitigations and of the safety objectives.” The following 10 steps explain the process of obtaining the SORA approval.
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1. Concept of Operations (ConOps): Presenting an organization's system and operations to relevant authorities for approval.

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2. Intrinsic Ground Risk Class (GRC): Determining inherent ground risk based on factors like the presence of people or buildings.

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3. Final Ground Risk Class (GRC): Assessing ground risk after implementing mitigations to address potential hazards.

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4. Initial Air Risk Class (ARC): Evaluating air risk factors before each operation, such as airspace congestion or weather conditions.

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5. Strategic Air Risk Mitigations: Applying pre-flight measures to mitigate air risk, like ensuring drones are weather-resistant.

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6. Tactical Air Risk Mitigations: Implementing in-flight measures, such as automatic hover or return-home programming.

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7. Final Specific Assurance and Integrity Level (SAIL): Determining the overall safety level by combining ground and air risk assessments.

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8. Operational Safety Objectives (OSOs): Identifying specific safety objectives based on the organization's SAIL.

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9. Adjacent Area and Airspace Considerations: Developing strategies to mitigate risks of encroachment on nearby airspace or ground areas during operations.

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10. Comprehensive Safety Portfolio: Compiling all assessment results into detailed safety documentation.

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SORA categorizes the risk of an operation into six levels, denoted as SAIL levels, ranging from I to VI. This classification is derived from a comprehensive evaluation that combines both Ground Risk and Air Risk factors. Each SAIL level corresponds to specific requirements that operators must adhere to, meticulously tailored to mitigate the identified risks inherent to the operation. By employing SORA, operators can effectively evaluate and manage the risk landscape associated with their drone operations, ensuring safety and regulatory compliance across the board.

Large-load agricultural spraying drones have been needed by more and more people.

They can greatly shorten pesticide spraying time. Large-flow atomized spraying ensures the spraying effect of drones.

One-click take-off is safe and labor-saving.

Hereby share a new launched agricultural drone which requires buyers to assemble themselves.

https://youtu.be/VD9hTINikWs?si=G1MLqvAY4UdhoO3w

The BetaFPV Pavo35 represents the pinnacle of the Pavo cinewhoop lineup, bringing to the table a blend of power and versatility that distinguishes it in the crowded FPV drone market. Engineered with a solid build and larger propellers, this drone is tailored for more challenging cinematography requirements. I have also used other fpv motor. What kv motor would you like? 22000KV brushless motor or 1800kv brushless motor? You can see the drone motor size chart here. 

Beyond a Mere Size Upgrade: Pavo35 vs. Pavo25 V2

At first glance, the Pavo35 may seem like a scaled-up version of the Pavo25 V2, sharing many hardware similarities. However, it's designed to cater to distinct flight styles and requirements. The primary distinctions lie in the frame, propeller, and motor sizes, with the battery connector's positioning also differing; the Pavo35 sports an XT60 connector at the front, while the Pavo25 V2 features an XT30 at the rear.

Specifications Breakdown

PAVO25 v2: The Nimble 4S Contender

• Wheelbase: 112mm
• Motors: 1505 4600kv
• Weight: 153g (excluding FPV battery)
• Flight Time: Approximately 6-8 minutes
• Camera Compatibility: Supports lighter action cameras such as the Naked GoPro series, Insta360 Go 2/3, Caddx Peanut, and Runcam Thumb Pro.

PAVO35: A Powerhouse of Versatility

• Wheelbase: 148mm
• Motors: 2006 2400kv
• Weight: 238g (dry)
• Flight Duration: 10-12 minutes
• Camera Compatibility: Accommodates full-size action cameras, including the GoPro Hero 12.

Shared Traits Across Both Models

• An F722 35A AIO V2 flight controller.
• COB LED light strips for visibility and aesthetics.
• Choice of ExpressLRS or TBS receivers.
• High thrust-to-weight ratios for dynamic flight.
• Y-shaped CNC metal support enhancing structural integrity.

Craftsmanship and Construction

The Pavo35, weighing in at around 274g with an ELRS receiver and DJI O3, showcases a lighter frame than its counterpart, the GepRC Cinelog35. It boasts a sleeker battery strap and a more discreet antenna setup. Despite its durability, highlighted by a 3mm top plate and substantial prop guards, the placement of the XT60 connector raises concerns due to its vulnerability to shorts from environmental debris.

Key Components and Performance

Utilizing the same FC/ESC board as the Pavo25 V2, the Pavo35 is equipped with an F722 35A AIO V2 flight controller. This setup is complemented by 2006 2400KV motors and Gemfan D90S three-blade propellers, striking a balance between power and weight for agile flying and the capacity to carry heavier cameras.

One critique pertains to the battery mounting system. The fixed strap position, combined with a front-heavy camera setup, can adversely affect performance by making the drone front-heavy.

DJI O3 Installation Process

Integrating the DJI O3 Air Unit is straightforward, thanks to a plug-and-play connection. However, accessing the micro SD card and USB-C port can be challenging due to the air duct design.

The Flying Experience

Recommended with 6S 1100 to 1500mAh batteries, the Pavo35 promises exhilarating high-speed flights. Yet, its real-world efficiency and flight duration fall slightly short of expectations, especially when compared to competitors like the Speedybee Bee35. Nonetheless, its prowess in both indoor and outdoor settings is noteworthy, particularly for capturing dynamic outdoor activities.

Setup and Configuration

Accessing the micro USB connector for setup might require finesse due to its concealed placement. BetaFPV has pre-configured many settings, leaving minimal adjustments needed for personalization.

Concluding Thoughts

The BetaFPV PAVO35 emerges as a formidable 6S cinewhoop, adept at supporting full-sized GoPro cameras while delivering remarkable speed and agility. Though it might seem as a straightforward enlargement of the Pavo25 V2, its flight performance speaks volumes. Despite some design and configuration quirks, it stands as a competitive option for those seeking a versatile and dynamic cinewhoop. Additionally, I  have aldo uesd meps 1404, 2408 Brushless Motor. I think they are also a great idae to fly fpv. 

Embarking on the thrilling adventure of FPV (First-Person View) drone flying is a journey of skill, precision, and aerial exploration. For both novices eager to take their first flight and experienced pilots looking to refine their maneuvers, FPV drone simulators offer a risk-free and immersive platform to practice and perfect flying techniques. This comprehensive guide shines a spotlight on the diverse world of FPV drone simulators, helping you navigate through the options to find the simulator that best matches your flying dreams and proficiency level. In the real fpv drone, you can use meps 2806.5 , meps 2408, meps 1804.

Leading FPV Drone Simulators Breakdown

• Beginner-Friendly Choice: DRL Simulator
• Racing Purists and Users with Legacy Systems: VelociDrone
• For Lovers of Freestyle and Cinematic Flights: Tryp FPV
• A Well-Rounded Pick for Various Styles: Liftoff
• Tiny Whoop Enthusiasts' Go-To: Tiny Whoop GO
• Best Free and Mobile Option (Android): SkyDive

Delve into the specifics of these simulators to identify your ideal partner in FPV flight training.

Understanding FPV Drone Simulators

FPV drone simulators serve as virtual gateways to the world of drone piloting, offering a realistic and engaging experience of flying drones from a first-person perspective no matter what kv you use such as 11000KV brushless motor, 4600KV burshless motor. Far from being mere games, these simulators are sophisticated training environments that mimic the physics and dynamics of real-world drone flight. They provide a safe and controlled setting for pilots to enhance their flying abilities, without the concerns of weather or the potential for costly accidents.

Embarking on Your Simulator Journey

To truly benefit from an FPV simulator, using a radio controller that mirrors real-world drone controls is crucial. This approach ensures skill development that translates directly to actual drone flying, thanks to muscle memory. The simulators highlighted in this guide support most radio controllers with USB connectivity, ensuring a smooth transition to the virtual skies.

If your controller lacks USB support, don't worry—there are solutions involving a flight controller and receiver to bridge this connectivity gap.

The Convenience of Steam

Steam is the primary distribution platform for accessing a wide array of FPV drone simulators. It provides a user-friendly interface for purchasing, playing, and updating your simulation software. Steam’s consumer-friendly return policy also allows you to explore different simulators risk-free, ensuring you find the perfect match for your needs.

Exploring Each Simulator in Detail

Tryp FPV

New to the scene but making waves with its stunning graphics and expansive environments, Tryp FPV appeals to pilots with powerful gaming setups looking for a visually immersive flying experience. Although it may not offer the most comprehensive training tools, its customization options and variety of maps make it a paradise for freestyle and cinematic drone pilots.

Uncrashed

Uncrashed stands out for its exceptional visual fidelity, offering an immersive and smooth flying experience that sets a new standard in aesthetics. While its focus on freestyle over racing might not cater to everyone, its engaging maps and activities promise a rewarding flying adventure.

Liftoff

Striking a balance between features, accessibility, and price, Liftoff caters to a broad spectrum of pilots, from beginners to experts. It may not specialize in any particular niche, but its comprehensive suite of features and strong community support position it as a highly versatile and appealing choice.

VelociDrone

Dedicated to the racing community, VelociDrone excels in delivering realistic flight physics and a competitive racing experience. Its efficient performance on older computers and a vibrant multiplayer community make it a favorite among racers and those looking to push their limits.

The DRL Simulator

With a robust set of features at an accessible price, the DRL Simulator is tailored to a wide audience, offering something for everyone. From comprehensive training modules to competitive multiplayer racing and the chance to participate in real-world DRL competitions, it presents a full-fledged FPV flying experience.

Concluding Thoughts

FPV drone simulators are invaluable assets for drone pilots, offering a practical and enjoyable means to refine flying skills in a risk-free environment. By selecting a simulator that aligns with your flying goals and preferences, you can significantly enrich your FPV journey. Here's to soaring to new heights in your FPV piloting adventure!

Amidst the continuous evolution of uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) technology, DJI has once again raised the bar by introducing DJI Dock  2, which is on its way to release worldwide, on 26th March 2024. To know more about Dock 2, feel free to contact us.

The previous version of DJI Dock has proven its effectiveness across various industries. In Alaska, the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DoT&FR) deployed the docking station to enhance safety measures during avalanche and geohazard incidents. Thanks to its resilient design and rapid charging capabilities, the dock facilitated continuous drone operations, particularly crucial for Drone as First Responder (DFR) missions.

Meanwhile, in Bisamberg, Austria, it played an important role in inspecting a major substation, ensuring the integrity and security of essential energy infrastructure. By enabling regular inspections and maintenance checks, it provided the Austrian Power Grid’s (APG) team with real-time updates on the substation's condition. This approach significantly minimized downtime by detecting faults early on, thereby helping improve the reliability of the electricity supply throughout Austria.

The DJI Dock 2, along with the DJI Matrice 3D and 3DT drones, is expected to reshape the approaches of industries engaged in surveying, inspections, and public safety in their remote, uncrewed operations.

Curious about what DJI Dock 2 has to offer? Explore this buyer's guide to get all the information you need. Discover its features, compatibility, and important factors to help you make an informed decision. ‍

Which features set DJI Dock 2 apart from its predecessor?

The DJI Dock 2 distinguishes itself from DJI Dock, through several impactful enhancements. 

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1. Weight and Design: 

DJI Dock 2 boasts a 75% reduction in volume and a 68% reduction in weight compared to its predecessor. Weighing only 34kgs, this version facilitates easier, quicker, and more cost-effective deployment of autonomous drone fleets.

2. Durability and Weather Resistance:

Dock 2 retains the durability of its predecessor with an IP55 rating, being resilient against harsh weather conditions, dust, and water.

3. Coverage and Efficiency: 

The DJI Matrice 3DT and Matrice 3D drones have a maximum flight time of 50 minutes and a maximum operational range of 10km when used with the DJI Dock 2, surpassing the capabilities of DJI Dock which offers a maximum flight time of 40 minutes and a maximum operational range of 7km.

4. RTK Modules:

The integrated dual RTK modules on the DJI Dock 2, coupled with internal and external fisheye cameras, provide real-time environmental feedback. This enables real-time blade detection, safety checks, and takeoff in just 45 seconds, given that there is a robust network signal.

5. Charging Capabilities:

Dock 1 charges drones from 10% to 90% in around 25 minutes at 24V output, while Dock 2 achieves this from 20% to 90% in roughly 32 minutes at 12V. Both docks offer over 5 hours of independent charge for safe Return-to-Home (RTH) functionality.

6. Improved Landing & Power Supply: 

DJI Dock 2 enhances landing stability and reliability through an improved image recognition system and a sloped design that guides the drone for precise positioning within the dock. For added security, it comes with a built-in backup battery that provides over 5 hours of operation in case of power loss or remote locations. Additionally, DJI Dock 2 only requires biannual maintenance, minimizing downtime and costs.

7. Third-party Payload Support: 

DJI Dock 2 offers increased versatility by supporting third-party payloads through M3D/M3DT E-Port. This allows for mounting payloads like spotlights, speakers, and parachutes, expanding the drone's capabilities and ensuring safety.

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DJI Dock 2 setup

Here’s a comparative study of the specifications of the DJI Dock 1 and Dock 2

	DJI Dock 2	DJI Dock 1
Weight	34 kg	105 kg
Size	Dock opened: 1228 x 583 x 412mm Dock closed: 570 x 583 x 465mm	Dock opened: 1675 x 885 x 735mm Dock closed: 800 x 885 x 1065mm
Input Voltage	100 ~ 240 V, 50/60 Hz	100 ~ 240 VAC, 50/60 Hz
Input Power	Max. 1000 W	Max. 1500 W
Temperature	-25°C ~ 45°C	-35°C ~ 50°C
IP Rating	IP55	IP55
Max Take-off Altitude	2500 m	4000 m
Max Operation Radius	10 km	7 km
Compatible Drones	DJI Matrice 3D DJI Matrice 3DT	DJI M30 (Dock version) DJI M30T (Dock version)
Charge	32 min (20% - 90%)	25 min (10% - 90%)
Battery Cycles	400	400
Backup Battery	More than 5 hours	More than 5 hours
Development	Cloud API + edge computing	Cloud API + edge computing

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Dock 2 and its seamless operations with compatible drones

The DJI Dock 1 was designed for use with the DJI Matrice 30 and 30T drones. The key features of these drones include a 41-minute flight time, 12 m/s wind resistance, and compatibility with various third-party payloads.

However, DJI Dock 2 is designed to work seamlessly with the new DJI Matrice 3D and Matrice 3DT drones. 

The new DJI drones Matrice 3D and 3DT

The Matrice 3D

• Best suited for applications such as surveying and mapping
• Equipped with a telephoto zoom camera and a wide camera with a special shutter

The Matrice 3DT 

• Specifically designed for tasks like public safety, surveys, and inspections 
• Features wide-angle, telephoto zoom, and thermal cameras, simultaneously capturing regular and heat-sensitive video.

Both drones share impressive features like an IP54 protection level, up to 50 minutes of flight time, a maximum speed of 47 mph, and a strong battery life that can handle 400 cycles, significantly reducing operational costs. Additionally, they have an RTK module, enabling them to land with remarkable accuracy when used with the DJI Dock 2.

Use cases and applications of DJI Dock 2

Multiple case studies have proven that the DJI Dock 1 can help transform applications like security and inspections where close monitoring and surveillance are required.

Interestingly, along with the previously mentioned use cases of Dock 1, due to the wide-angle, telephoto zoom, and thermal cameras of Matrice 3D/3DT, the DJI Dock 2 can now also be used for advanced mapping and surveying.

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DJI Dock 2 use case

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Let's explore the applications of Dock 2 in detail:

• Surveying and Mapping: Matrice 3D's high-precision cameras and the DJI Dock 2's autonomous deployment capabilities make it ideal for surveying and mapping large areas, construction sites, or infrastructure projects.
  
  
• Security and Inspections: The Matrice 3DT's thermal camera and long flight time are well-suited for security patrols, perimeter monitoring, and inspecting critical infrastructure like pipelines or wind turbines.
  
  
• Emergency Response: The DJI Dock 2's quick deployment and the drones' ability to operate in various weather conditions make them valuable tools for search and rescue operations, fire response, and disaster assessment. 
  
  
• Public Safety: The Matrice 3DT's thermal and zoom capabilities can assist law enforcement in search operations, crowd monitoring, and crime scene investigation.

DJI Dock 2 integration with FlytBase Software Platform

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The DJI Dock 2, powered by FlytBase, will offer a comprehensive solution for remote drone operations. FlytBase is an enterprise-grade drone autonomy software platform that enables efficient autonomous drone operations, allowing missions to be planned and scheduled in advance and executed with minimal human intervention. FlytBase integration with DJI Dock 2 will offer customizable and scalable features suitable for various use cases, including inspections, surveillance, surveying, and security.

By incorporating a variety of Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) components – such as parachutes, detect-and-avoid systems, uncrewed traffic management, and weather systems – FlytBase ensures that drone operations are reliable and secure.

Leveraging FlytBase, customers and partners have successfully obtained BVLOS certifications from top aviation authorities in 10 countries, including the FAA in the United States, EASA in Europe, CASA in Australia, SACAA in South Africa, JCAB in Japan, and CAAM in Malaysia. The platform also goes beyond basic mission planning by offering advanced features like dynamic route planning and customized flight workflows, all designed to align with regulatory standards.

In addition, FlytBase prioritizes data security by adhering to leading data protection standards. The platform is ISO 27001, SOC2 Type II certified, and GDPR compliant. To know more about the integration of FlytBase with the DJI Dock 2, feel free to contact us.

Here’s a parts list for the cheapest 5-inch FPV drone build available in 2024. But remember, going cheap doesn’t mean compromising on performance. Each component in this list is handpicked to ensure you’re equipped with the latest in FPV drone technology, promising stellar performance. Alongside the drone parts, I’ll also suggest you a few decent, budget-friendly equipment like radios, LiPo chargers, and FPV Goggles, which you need to start flying. The Cheapest 5″ FPV Drone Build As of the time I’m writing this, I’ve listed the best prices I could find. Keep in mind, these numbers might change over time. If you’re new to FPV, I will show you how to build this drone from scratch using most of these parts.

Assuming you’ve got the necessary tools on hand, building the cheapest 5″ drone with decent performance will set you back around $304. 

For essential equipment like the radio, goggles, and charger, you’re looking at an additional $150. To put things in perspective, that’s a pretty solid deal. Take, for instance, the BetaFPV’s FPV drone kit, which is a basic kit featuring a small 2S tiny whoop—it already costs around $300. This budget-friendly setup will be a reliable companion for quite some time before you even think about an upgrade.

Here's a detailed guide to constructing the most budget-friendly 5-inch FPV drone in 2024 while still maintaining excellent performance. Additionally, I'll offer suggestions for affordable radio equipment, LiPo chargers, and FPV goggles to complete your setup.

Building the 5" FPV Drone

Frame: The Source One V5 frame, priced at $29.99, is not only economical but also renowned for its resilience and versatility. Its open-source design facilitates customization with various 3D printed components, catering to a wide range of preferences and flight styles. Moreover, its spacious layout allows for easy installation and maintenance of components, making it suitable for beginners and seasoned builders alike.

Flight Controller and ESC Stack: Consider the MEPS ESC and FC stack, available for approximately $120-$140. This stack is praised for its outstanding performance and reliability within the FPV community. Especially for MEPS 60A and MEPS F7 HD, the price is about $136.
it is the best esc for drone. Alternatively, the MEPS f722 mini flight controller and MEPS 45A Stack offers similar performance and reliability, it is the best esc for drone.

Motors: For budget-conscious builders, the Velox V2207 V2/V3 and Emax ECO II motors are excellent options, ranging from $14.9 to $15.99 each. These motors strike a balance between performance and affordability, suitable for various flying styles, including freestyle, racing, and cinematography. With their durable construction and reliable operation, they offer excellent value for money.

Video Transmitter: Opt for the Flywoo GOKU HM600 VTX at $19.99, a feature-packed transmitter perfect for budget builds. Its compact design and wide input voltage range ensure compatibility with different setups. Moreover, with a power output of up to 600mW, it guarantees reliable video transmission over extended distances, suitable for both leisurely flights and competitive racing.

FPV Camera: Invest in the Foxeer Razer Micro, priced at $17.99, for its exceptional image quality and affordability. Recognized for its crisp and clear video footage, this camera delivers an immersive FPV experience, capturing every moment with precision. Alternatively, consider upgrading to the Runcam Phoenix 2 Special Edition at $24.99 for superior image quality and enhanced performance under challenging lighting conditions.

Radio Receiver: The BetaFPV ELRS Lite tower antenna version, priced at $11.99, offers reliable signal reception and stability. Its compact design and sturdy build make it suitable for various FPV applications, ensuring seamless control during flights. With easy setup and compatibility with a wide range of transmitters, it provides pilots of all skill levels with a smooth and responsive flying experience.

LiPo Battery: Select high-quality LiPo batteries from reputable brands such as CNHL and RDQ to ensure optimal performance and reliability. Aim for 6S batteries in the 1100mAh to 1300mAh range to achieve a balance between flight time and power output. While platforms like AliExpress may offer tempting deals, prioritize safety and quality to prevent potential issues during flights.

Propellers: Experiment with different propeller brands and types to fine-tune your drone's performance. While basic propeller sets typically cost $3-$4, investing in high-quality propellers from trusted brands like HQProp, Gemfan, and Dalprop can significantly enhance flight characteristics such as agility, efficiency, and stability. Consider factors such as material, pitch, and blade count to find the optimal propeller configuration for your build and flying style.

Budget FPV Equipment

Radio: Consider the Radiomaster Pocket at $64 for its essential features and affordability. Its compact design and user-friendly interface make it suitable for beginners and experienced pilots alike. With compatibility with ExpressLRS receivers, it offers reliable control and customization options, ensuring an enjoyable FPV flying experience.

FPV Goggles: Opt for the EV800D goggles, available for approximately $100-$120, for their reliable performance and affordability. Equipped with features such as a built-in DVR and adjustable focal length, they offer an immersive FPV experience without breaking the bank. With a comfortable fit and wide field of view, they provide pilots with clear and vivid visuals, enhancing navigation and maneuverability during flights.

Charger: Invest in a reliable LiPo charger like the SkyRC B6Neo at $26 for efficient battery maintenance and charging. With multiple charging modes and safety features, it ensures the longevity and safety of your LiPo batteries. Alternatively, consider the iSDT 608AC charger, available for approximately $64.99, for its compact design and versatile charging capabilities. Whether you're at home or in the field, it provides convenient and reliable charging solutions for your FPV batteries.

By carefully selecting each component and considering budget-friendly options, you can build a high-performance 5-inch FPV drone without exceeding your budget. Whether you're a beginner exploring the world of FPV flying or an experienced pilot seeking a cost-effective setup, this guide offers everything you need to embark on an exhilarating FPV journey.

When assembling an FPV drone, ensuring the motors and their components are securely fastened is crucial for performance and safety whether 2500KV brushless motor or 3500KV brushless motor. Threadlocker, commonly associated with the Loctite brand, is an indispensable ally in this task. This guide will dissect the role of Threadlocker, highlight its advantages, and lay out an effective methodology for its application.

Unpacking Threadlocker: Purpose and Benefits

Threadlocker, synonymous with the brand name Loctite, stands as a cornerstone in the assembly of FPV drones, particularly for anchoring metal threaded fasteners. Its primary function is to prevent these components from loosening due to the rigorous vibrations during flight. With a consistency that mirrors oil or paint, Threadlocker demands a substantial period for drying and curing upon application. You can use 8000KV brushless motor, meps motor, 19000KV brushless motor.

It is worth noting that the application of Threadlocker might be unnecessary when using a nyloc nut. The integrated nylon insert within the nyloc nut is designed to lock the bolt and nut tightly, making the use of Threadlocker superfluous in such instances.

Guidelines for Applying Threadlocker

It's not uncommon to receive drone parts pre-treated with Threadlocker, recognizable by a blue residue on the threads. If your components are not pre-treated, applying Threadlocker yourself is straightforward and economical. A single small bottle can be surprisingly enduring, potentially serving your needs for years.

Application Steps

1. Initial Setup: Lightly pour a small quantity of Threadlocker into a tray. Only a slight amount is needed.
2. Preparation of Screws: Cleanliness is key. Use a paper towel to clean the threads of the screws, ensuring removal of any grease or dust. While traces of grease aren't typically problematic, cleaner threads are ideal for the application.
3. Applying the Threadlocker: Carefully dip the tip of the screw into the Threadlocker. It's crucial to avoid applying too much, as it could complicate the removal process later on. Conversely, applying too little might not secure the screw adequately. Any excess can be wiped away.
4. Screw Installation: With the Threadlocker applied, proceed to install the screw. The compound will harden, securing the screw in place. It's advisable to allow the Threadlocker to dry for several hours, ideally overnight, for best results.

Tips for Removing Screws with Threadlocker

In cases where too much Threadlocker has been applied, removing the screws can prove challenging. If a screw is particularly stubborn, gently applying heat with a soldering iron for a few seconds can help loosen it. This process may need to be repeated as necessary.

Cautions and Best Practices

Threadlocker is specifically intended for use with metal materials and is not suitable for plastic, nylon, or wood. Although many modern nylon and quadcopter parts tolerate Threadlocker well, some plastics may not react well to it. Thus, its application on plastic threads is discouraged.

Furthermore, applying Threadlocker directly to the motor shaft should be avoided, as it could damage the propeller hub's plastic, risking weakening or breakage. In most cases, a nyloc nut can effectively prevent propellers from becoming loose without the need for Threadlocker.

Following these comprehensive steps ensures that your FPV drone is assembled with the utmost attention to detail, leading to improved stability and performance during flight.

When assembling an FPV drone, ensuring the motors and their components are securely fastened is crucial for performance and safety whether 2500KV brushless motor or 3500KV brushless motor. Threadlocker, commonly associated with the Loctite brand, is an indispensable ally in this task. This guide will dissect the role of Threadlocker, highlight its advantages, and lay out an effective methodology for its application.

Unpacking Threadlocker: Purpose and Benefits

Threadlocker, synonymous with the brand name Loctite, stands as a cornerstone in the assembly of FPV drones, particularly for anchoring metal threaded fasteners. Its primary function is to prevent these components from loosening due to the rigorous vibrations during flight. With a consistency that mirrors oil or paint, Threadlocker demands a substantial period for drying and curing upon application. You can use 8000KV brushless motor, meps motor, 19000KV brushless motor.

It is worth noting that the application of Threadlocker might be unnecessary when using a nyloc nut. The integrated nylon insert within the nyloc nut is designed to lock the bolt and nut tightly, making the use of Threadlocker superfluous in such instances.

Guidelines for Applying Threadlocker

It's not uncommon to receive drone parts pre-treated with Threadlocker, recognizable by a blue residue on the threads. If your components are not pre-treated, applying Threadlocker yourself is straightforward and economical. A single small bottle can be surprisingly enduring, potentially serving your needs for years.

Application Steps

1. Initial Setup: Lightly pour a small quantity of Threadlocker into a tray. Only a slight amount is needed.
2. Preparation of Screws: Cleanliness is key. Use a paper towel to clean the threads of the screws, ensuring removal of any grease or dust. While traces of grease aren't typically problematic, cleaner threads are ideal for the application.
3. Applying the Threadlocker: Carefully dip the tip of the screw into the Threadlocker. It's crucial to avoid applying too much, as it could complicate the removal process later on. Conversely, applying too little might not secure the screw adequately. Any excess can be wiped away.
4. Screw Installation: With the Threadlocker applied, proceed to install the screw. The compound will harden, securing the screw in place. It's advisable to allow the Threadlocker to dry for several hours, ideally overnight, for best results.

Tips for Removing Screws with Threadlocker

In cases where too much Threadlocker has been applied, removing the screws can prove challenging. If a screw is particularly stubborn, gently applying heat with a soldering iron for a few seconds can help loosen it. This process may need to be repeated as necessary.

Cautions and Best Practices

Threadlocker is specifically intended for use with metal materials and is not suitable for plastic, nylon, or wood. Although many modern nylon and quadcopter parts tolerate Threadlocker well, some plastics may not react well to it. Thus, its application on plastic threads is discouraged.

Furthermore, applying Threadlocker directly to the motor shaft should be avoided, as it could damage the propeller hub's plastic, risking weakening or breakage. In most cases, a nyloc nut can effectively prevent propellers from becoming loose without the need for Threadlocker.

Following these comprehensive steps ensures that your FPV drone is assembled with the utmost attention to detail, leading to improved stability and performance during flight.

GPS Rescue mode within Betaflight introduces a life-saving feature akin to the "Return to Home" capability found in commercial drones like those from DJI. Tailored for the FPV community, especially those venturing into long-range flights, this mode promises a security blanket by ensuring your drone can autonomously navigate back to its launch point during critical moments. This detailed walkthrough will cover everything from setup, testing, to adjustments, ensuring you're fully equipped to utilize GPS Rescue mode for a safer flying experience no matter what motors you use such as meps 1103, meps motors, 0802 Brushless Motor.

The Value of GPS Rescue

Traditionally, Betaflight's default failsafe action might result in a crash or loss of the drone. GPS Rescue mode changes the game by enabling the drone to autonomously fly back to its takeoff point, drastically mitigating the risk of losing your valuable equipment on expansive flights. You can use 2806.5 Brushless Motor, 3800KV burshless motor. 

Selecting the Right GPS Module

Key Considerations in GPS Module Selection

Opting for a lightweight GPS module is recommended to minimize impact on the drone's performance, though this might slightly compromise sensitivity. The BN-220 is a good middle ground, leveraging the older M8 chip yet providing adequate functionality.

GPS Chip Versions Explained

Modern GPS modules typically feature M8 or M10 chips, with M10 variants delivering superior performance through simultaneous connections to multiple GNSS systems. This results in faster satellite lock and more stable signals.

About Antenna Scratches

It's common to find scratches on the antenna of GPS modules, a byproduct of factory tuning aimed at optimizing the antenna's frequency response. This does not indicate damage or defect.

Preparing Your Drone

The Role of a Barometer

Incorporating a barometer is optional but can enhance the altitude accuracy during GPS Rescue, ensuring a smoother return process. It's an added advantage but not a necessity.

Compass Considerations

Betaflight's GPS Rescue mode does not require a compass, as it can deduce the drone's orientation through GPS data. Adding a compass might complicate the setup without offering significant benefits.

Setting Up and Configuring

Wiring and Connection

Ensuring a reliable connection between the GPS module and the flight controller is crucial. This typically involves a direct connection to a hardware serial port for stable data transmission.

Betaflight Configuration

Always update to the latest Betaflight firmware for optimal performance and feature access. Activate the GPS feature in the Betaflight Configurator and assign the module to a specific UART port.

Fine-Tuning GPS Settings

• Select UBLOX as the protocol for GPS.
• Enable Auto Config and Galileo support for improved accuracy.
• Ensure the home point is accurately set and maintained.
• Opt for Auto-detect in Ground Assistance for better positioning.

Confirm the successful link between your GPS module and the flight controller via the Betaflight configurator, indicated by the GPS status icon turning active.

Securing a GPS Lock

Achieving a "3D fix" or GPS lock might require patience during the initial setup, with quicker satellite acquisition in subsequent uses as the module remembers satellite data.

Leveraging OSD and Telemetry

Incorporate GPS data into your OSD for live updates on satellite connections, positioning, and directions. Additionally, consider using radio telemetry to log GPS data for easier retrieval of a lost drone.

Conclusion

Incorporating GPS Rescue mode into your Betaflight setup significantly elevates the safety of your long-range FPV endeavors. By meticulously choosing the right components and following through with a thorough setup, you unlock a powerful tool that ensures your drone's safe return, providing peace of mind during your aerial adventures.