Just some shots filmed over the last few weeks as the season turns to fall. Shot entirely on the DJI Phantom with Tarot 2D gimbal.
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From Makezine:
Sergei Lupashin has a PhD from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH), and is currently doing post-doctoral work with the University of Zurich’s Robotics and Perception Group.
Sergei came to the Drones & Aerial Robotics Conference (DARC) in New York City to demonstrate his fotokite, an autonomous quadcopter tethered on a small dog leash. He explains that by constraining the robot with the leash, he is able to simplify the dynamics it has to deal with. The robot is programmed to maintain a set angle, and effectively hovers at the end of the leash. A camera mounted on the robot provides an effect that is a cross between an airborne pet and a steady cam.
This was one of my favorite moments of the conference.
More details on Fotokite here. Sergei tells me it's a PX4-powered copter with custom code.
At this week's Drones and Aerial Robotics conference, Joseph Hall gave a presentation that discussed some of the issues around the idea of drones needing a "license plate" (and presumably drone operators needing a "drivers license).
His slides are now available here.
Also, here's an NBC article on the same topic, also taken from the conference. Excerpt:
One way to assure a minimum level of competence could be pre-use certification, a "driver license" of sorts for pilots who fly the birds.
Operators of small military drones like Ravens are trained before they can use them, and Capt. Adam Gorrell — who trained drone pilots and flew them himself in the U.S. Air Force, before becoming a professor at the Air Force Academy — sees a similar training system working for domestic operators, too. A different, smaller craft perhaps wouldn't need the same amount of training time, but the "mark in the sand" for flight readiness could shifted accordingly, he said.
As many others, I have bought some "clone products" from RC-timer in the past, simply because some stuff is pretty cheap there. Now, I got the bill for that and learned that paying less often means paying double.
Earlier this year, I bought two MinimOSD clones from RC-Timer. One went to my copter and the other for the moment into storage for another project. Several weeks later, I took the second OSD out of storage to use in my new project and I found that it was not working. The Arduino IDE kept reporting connection errors and I even couldn't flash a new bootloader with an original Atmel AVR USBISP Mk II and the original Atmel IDE.
I emailed RC-Timer on 22JUL13, and their "Jane" emailed me back on 23JUL13, saying that I should send the OSD back to them and providing a return address.
I sent the item back after returning from a trip on 09AUG13 via registered airmail ($17 from Finland to China) and informed RC-Timer via email. "Jane" was answering that they will get back to me as soon as it arrived.
According to the tracking system (see here), the shipment arrived on 18AUG13. When I didn't hear from RC-Timer until 07SEP13, I sent another email to them, requesting status information. To that email, I never received any reply.
On 20SEP13, I again sent an email to RC-Timer, demanding a status information. Again, I did not receive any reply.
In my opinion, this behavior constitutes fraud. I will, for sure, never order at RC-Timer again and I write this blog post as an intense warning to the community about RC-Timer and to think twice before ordering from far east "cloners".
Opposite to this case, I once had the problem with the serial multiplex chip being fried by a dying ESC on my (original 3DR) APM 2.5. After posting about the problem in the DIYD forum, I was contacted by Rogelio of the 3DR support team and he sent me a new automux chip for my APM for free. No product costs, no shipping costs!
Now you decide... Do you want to save a few dollars when buying the stuff and be left totally alone or pay return shipping for nothing if something goes wrong? Or is it wiser in the long run to pay a few dollars more for your stuff and receive great support?
My choice for the future is pretty clear!
(Repost from: http://conservationdrones.org/2013/10/12/drone-crash/)
People often ask how often we crash our drones. It really isn't that often nowadays. But when it happens, a crash is caused by human error 99% of the time. During our trip to Panama, we had two crashes because we set 'receiver failsafe' to 'Fly-By-Wire' (FBW) by mistake. As soon as the drone flew out of radio range, the autopilot switched out of 'Auto-mission' mode into 'FBW' mode. This video clip shows the last few seconds of a truly unmanned and mission-less drone as it drifted over Barro Colorado Island and into the Panama Canal. No drone was harmed in the making of this video. It was safely retrieved and had only water damage to the autopilot and some electronics.
http://news.msn.com/world/canadians-held-in-egypt-headed-home
Two Canadians - filmmaker John Greyson and physician Tarek Loubani - who were barred from leaving Egypt after weeks of imprisonment without charge return home.
TORONTO — Two Canadians who were barred from leaving Egypt following weeks of imprisonment without charges have returned to Canada.
Filmmaker John Greyson and physician Tarek Loubani left Cairo on a flight Friday morning and were warmly greeted by family and friends when they landed in Toronto.
"We're delighted to be here, to be free," Loubani said.
Egypt lifted a travel ban for the two on Thursday. The pair weren't allowed to board a plane after they were released from jail Sunday. Greyson and Loubani had been held without charges since Aug. 15, when they were arrested while observing a demonstration in support of ousted President Mohammed Morsi in which the Canadians said they saw at least 50 protesters killed.
Related: Canadians freed from Egypt jail can't leave
They said their thoughts remain with the 600 detainees arrested on the same day as them and they urged Egyptian authorities to either charge them or free them.
Canadian Foreign Minister John Baird had warned Egypt that their detention was a significant threat to relations between the two countries.
Lynne Yelich, a junior minister responsible for consular affairs, thanked the Egyptian government in a statement for "its considerable assistance." The statement also included a cautionary note to Canadians to visit a Canadian government website, travel.gc.ca, "to read up on local laws before travelling."
Badr Abdel-Atty, Egypt's foreign ministry spokesman, said the two were accused of participating in illegal protests and for resisting authorities during arrest, like many others who were arrested on Aug. 15 by the Fatah mosque, where supporters of Morsi were holding a rally. He said the accusations against them had been dropped.
The two Canadians said Loubani heeded a call for a doctor and began treating wounded demonstrators while Greyson recorded the unrest on video. They said they were arrested after asking for directions back to their hotel at a police checkpoint. They said they were beaten and subjected to degrading treatment in the Egyptian prison and spent most of the time crammed with other inmates in a filthy, cockroach-infested prison cell. The pair staged a 16-day hunger strike to try to pressure Egyptian officials to release them, but started eating food again last week.
The two said they only intended to stay overnight in Cairo on their way to Gaza and acknowledged on Friday it was unwise for them to take a look at the protests in the Egyptian capital.
"In hindsight it's really obvious we made mistakes," Loubani said, who admitted they misjudged how Egyptian authorities would view their actions.
I have seen a few people mention Agisoft PhotoScan Pro on the on the various forums here. For those thinking about purchasing this excellent piece of stitching/photogrammetry software, now would be the time...Field of View has it on sale for $100 off until the end of October (so $3,399.00 USD). Here is the link for more information http://fieldofviewllc.com/agisoft-photoscan-pro
It's like a dog that is always watching you.
To download the Newspaper in PDF Click Here ----> DiyDronesNewspaper-Volume2.pdf
Also I'd like to ask the community to help me figure out the future of the Diy Drones Newspaper. What things would you like to see in the newspaper? How many pages do you think the newspaper should be each week on average? How can this newspaper be used to benefit the community? These are all things I'd love to know answers for if you folks could chime in and help out with the future of this newspaper.
Joshua Johnson
- Diy Drones News -
The first thing that came to my attention was the large bay which is suiteable, according to the product description, for batteries from 5 to 20 Amps. The large bay in combination with a wingspan of 1800 mm (70 inch) and the suggested power train allows this aircraft to carry enough gadgets to make it a great FPV aircraft.
Features:
• Tough EPO Construction
• Large Size Ideal for a Stable Flying in a Variety of Weather Conditions
• Unique Nose Mounted
• Large Camera Canopy
• Plug In 2pc Wing and Tail for Easy Transport
• Large Payload Capability
• Large CF wing and tail Tubes
Price is US$ 111.78 and available from Hobbyking
Here we go the 2nd Part is now online.
Shots were taken by a GoPro 3 without gimbal on a more or less well tuned QAV400 which is a really great platform for doing some serious video recordings. Together with the APM 2.5 and its GPS support its a great small package which is easy to carry around. All flown FPV wiht an 2.4Ghz video system and an UHF RC to get a nice range. Mostly flown over the sea so there was no option of failure :)
The whole video was shot on the Island Palawan to be more precise here:
N 10.480960° E 119.164890° The start and landing places were directly on the beach in the wet sand.
Hope you enjoyed it! Remember, this won't be the last Part there will be more coming. So pls subscribe so you don’t miss the following parts!
Andy
The PX4flow is expensive, heavy, & fragile. Its sonar module is insufficient, so you need to replace it with a more powerful module. Replacing the MB1043 with an MB1240 & translating the serial protocol from cm to mm is required. Only the UART output of the sonar is used.
The trick is the more powerful module outputs a different protocol, so you need to pass the sonar readouts through the mane microcontroller to be translated & then to the PX4flow. There's also the glue logic to invert the UART voltage.
The PX4flow is liberated from its inferior sonar module & useless headers.
Replacement sonar signal & mane I/O are connected.
More powerful sonar module & glue logic.
Sonar, PX4flow, flight computer, & bluetooth are soldered in the navigation test harness.
The Turnigy Microquad has the highest capacity for its size.
It's single sided PC boards, conventionally routed. No 3D printing, laser cutting, or anything else.
The landing gear is made out of PC board standoffs.
The motor mounts need a lot more reinforcement. Some guys glue on carbon fiber or plywood doublers.
It has enough clearance for the PX4flow. The battery needs to go on top, over the mane board.
Taking a page from the AR Drone, the battery is used to weigh down the IMU.
It's the most energetic platform so far, definitely not a toy. Those Turnigy 1811-2900's get a lot more thrust from the same space as brushed motors.
The PX4FLOW's 1st flight
Based on the previous video of the TCM8230 over carpet, the PX4FLOW is a huge improvement. It actually holds position quite well over plush carpet & below 1m.
The sonar still has issues above 1m. It glitches to 5m when it can't detect a reflection. Sometimes you want it to send 0 when it reads 5m & sometimes you want it to repeat the previous reading when it reads 5m. It still glitches, despite this algorithm.
It's very heavy, so it handles the wind quite well. Crashes require a lot of repairs & propellers. It's every bit as crash prone & fragile as expected. Every day of flying requires a bag of propellers. The propeller mounts tend to break off.
It's time to fuse a barometer with the sonar to try to improve the range over carpet.
The jesus barometer goes on.
& gets earplug foam insulation. Earplugs are decent sources of breathable foam.
The temperature compensated MS5611 output
is compared with the raw MB1240 output
in a 1m flight over carpet. Despite the temperature compensation, the MS5611 has a huge amount of drift, leading to 1m of unknown absolute error. Its short term relative readings are quite good for something that measures air pressure.
For the 1st time, you can see just how many sonar readings are invalid. It generates 7650 when it knows the reading is invalid, but sometimes it errors low. It never seems to error high.
The object of the game is to fuse the air pressure & sonar readings to eliminate the errors. Sonar still has to be the master.
In this flight, the last 10 pressure readings are averaged & normalized to the average of the last 10 sonar readings to compensate for temperature drift. The most recent pressure reading is subtracted from the average pressure & scaled to mm to get the most recent altitude based on pressure.
The algorithm doesn't produce any glitches, but is very noisy compared to sonar. You want to use sonar if the sonar change is under 100mm. If it's over 100mm, use air pressure.
A flight using fused sensors for guidance was very smooth, but overshot the altitude changes a lot more. It switched to pressure, which lagged sonar. The sudden altitude changes due to glitches were gone, but there were audible glitches in motor speed.
The PX4flow has presented a case of far sightedness. It's most accurate at 1m altitude. Below 1m altitude, it has a very hard time detecting position. Above 1m, the sonar falls over. The focus can be adjusted for lower altitude, but it has to fly in a narrow altitude band. That's the price of a very high magnification, high brightness lens which can detect surface features from far away.
A 2nd camera would have benefited the low altitudes, but there wasn't enough time to discover the PX4flow limits & design a 2 camera optical flow solution.
That's probably the most aggressively something has ever flown itself using optical flow. Optical flow has previously just been used for aiding a human pilot in a hover.
So the PX4flow has a very low top speed. The horizontal velocity has to be limited to 0.25m/s. Vertical velocity has to be limited to 0.1m/s. The mane problem is what kind of carpet it has. Its top speed in the plush apartment carpet seemed to be higher than the finely colored office carpet. The mane problem with altitude is it's clearly switching to the barometer more for high speeds & the barometer has much more lag.
The flight time with the PX4flow weighing it down was slightly better than the Syma X1 at 7 minutes.
The power distribution on the microquad interferes with the magnetometer. It needs to be on a mast.
From Wired:
Drone Pilot Fights for Right to Profit in the Unmanned Skies
In June 30, 1956, two airliners flying over the Grand Canyon collided. All 128 passengers and crew aboard the planes perished. It was the first U.S. air disaster with more than 100 fatalities. The accident made clear that the nation’s burgeoning air-travel industry needed better safety oversight. Citing the “tragic losses of human life,” President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation creating the Federal Aviation Administration in 1958.
Six decades and a zillion regulations later, the agency that supervises everything from air-worthiness to passenger gadget use has taken legal action for the first time against an on-ground pilot — an operator of a styrofoam, 4.5-pound Ritewing Zephyr-powered glider. The $10,000 levy (.pdf) invokes the same code section that governs the conduct of actual airline-passenger pilots, charging modelerRaphael Pirker with illegally operating a drone for commercial purposes and flying it “in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.”
Pirker is fighting the citation (.pdf) before the National Transportation Safety Board, challenging the FAA’s assertion that it has the power to supervise the use of unmanned drones. If Pirker prevails, the FAA’s 2007 ban on the commercial use of unmanned drones — a thriving overseas business — may be nullified.
Pirker’s legal battle throws a spotlight on a commercial drone scene in the United States operating in a grey area. The FAA has issued dozens of cease-and-desist letters to operators of commercial model aircraft, forcing some companies to shut down. Others, however, are performing their aerial filming and crop and real estate surveying businesses underground — or sometimes right in the open.
The agency is working on a set of regulations for the budding industry, but those rules won’t be unveiled until as early as 2015. Meanwhile, uncertainty reigns.
Pirker’s lawyer maintains that the 2007 ban on commercial drones is invalid because the FAA failed to hold public hearings before issuing the rule. “There is no enforceable federal regulation concerning the operation of a model airplane,” says the attorney, Brendan Schulman of New York.
The term drone — appropriated from the military’s unmanned aerial vehicles — is relatively new, but model air-planing has a long history. Just 20 years after the Wright brothers’ first flight, the nation’s first National Aeromodeling Championships were held in 1923. The American Academy of Model Aeronautics, of Muncie, Indiana, boasts some 170,000 members today.
“The first time you fly one of these things, you’re whole body thinks it’s flying,” says Pirker, who runs TBS Avionics, a Hong Kong-based drone parts supplier.
Pirker, 28, has captured dramatic footage over Rio De Janeiro, the Golden Gate Bridge and the Statue of Liberty, among dozens of other famous and not-so-famous locations.
His FAA legal troubles began when he was on the job for the public relations firm Lewis Communications in 2011. His assignment: Capture images over the University of Virginia. The resulting video takes viewers on a wild ride, and the FAA’s citation says that it amounts to a series of violations — flying too low over vehicles, buildings, people, streets and structures, and even aiming the craft at a person.
Read the rest here (I'm quoted)
That was his spotter, Pirker says.
A colection of videos about FrSKY Taranis and Ardupilot, from switches to failsafe.
Synopsis: Recently a couple of FrSky Taranis were donated to our Ardupilot projects. As we always document all of our builds on video, I will try to include them here. For each stumbling block we overcome, you may see a video.
If you have any lessons or tips you have learned, please share here. There is a lot to explore on this transmitter, with 13 pages of settings.
Pros: FrSky is well known for the frequency hopping ACCST technology taking advantage of the entire 2.4GHz band resulting in excellent range and reliability; Taranis is no exception. What we like about the Taranis X9D with X8R receiver is the safety features build into it, voice alert (yes, a talking transmitter) with RSSI, and Failsafe. With a talking transmitter, it means you don't have to keep looking down to notice any alerts.
Cons: To be determined
This first video explores how to setup basic Ardupilot Switches, Channels, RTL and Radio Calibration with the Mission Planner - Mandatory Hardware. Mixes will follow on another video
Tip: If you don't get your channels setup correctly, you may not be able to ARM your APM.
More to come..
After much chasing, and testing, I have found this to be an efficient way of getting low latency high quality HD video out of an Aircraft. The latency is around 0.4 seconds at worst which would be OK for an FPV with an APM doing the hard work.
I will continue to search for methods to drop the latency down further, but this is a lot better than the 6-12 seconds I was getting on my first attempts.
Any comment (with useful instructions) would be appreciated.
For the wireless link, I am using two UBIQUITY ROCKET M 900 with Australian ACMA approved firmware, at the base station, I am using a tracking (yet to built the tracker...) 1.5 meter long X and Y polarised Yagi, and on the plane, two RF Design flexible strip antennas, placed at right angles to each other.
but how you do that bit is up to you.....
the critical bit is getting the Raspberry Pi's to chat to each other.
I have tried to make this as user friendly as possible... good luck.
Setting up IP video for Raspberry Pi 1080p video (FPV)
You will need 2 B model Raspberry Pi's and 1 Pi Camera. (Element 14, or RS components)
Preparing your Raspberry Pi for first boot…
Follow the instructions at http://www.raspberrypi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/quick-start-guide-v2_1.pdf
Install the prepared SD card in the Pi and boot.
Setting up your Pi
Connect the Pi to your router with a network cable.
On Start-up it will resize the FAT partition and present you with a menu.
Set your language, and keyboard layout.
Select Raspbian… then click install.
After this has extracted (will take a while….) it will reboot into the configuration screen (again will take a while for this first boot.)
The important things to change here are
- Enable the camera
- In advance options…..
- Set the host name (camera, for the camera end, receiver, for the viewing end)
- Memory split, set the memory for the GPU to 256
- Enable SSH ( will come in handy later, as you may need to talk to the Pi in the air.....
Then finish and reboot.
First login
Username: pi
Password: raspberry
Setting up the required programs for video streaming
Install the dependencies by running the following in a terminal:
sudo apt-get install mplayer netcat
cd /opt/vc/src/hello_pi
make –C libs/ilclient
make –C libs/vgfont
cd /opt/vc/src/hello_pi/hello_video
make
cd ~
Now repeat this for the other Pi….
Streaming…
First set up the receiver….
Ensure the receiver is connected to your network and run
ifconfig
after you press enter, you can find your ip Address. Note this down.
Then run the following.
mkfifo buffer
nc -p 5001 -l > buffer | /opt/vc/src/hello_pi/hello_video/hello_video.bin buffer
the Pi will now wait for the feed.
On the Camera Pi
Ensure camera is connected to the Pi
Ensure Pi is connected to the network (you can confirm this with ifconfig)
(see instructions at http://www.raspberrypi.org/camera for how to connect the camera)
In the following command, replace the ip address with the one you just noted down.
raspivid -t 0 -fps 15 -o - | nc 192.168.1.85 5001
if all goes well you should be streaming 1080P video at 15fps with less than 0.5seconds of delay..
now add your wireless bridge between the two, and away you go J
This information has come from the Raspberry Pi foundation website, and other sources, tested and proven by myself..
3DConnexion just released a new wireless version of a 3D mouse (link). These things are awesome for CAD but I think they could be a great way to control a copter. I would love to see support for these 3D mice on mission planner. This could also be a good way to control our copters when using a tablet for telemetry. It can provide the feedback we don't really get from virtual sticks. I just want to get away from clunky RC transmitters soon.
Sam sent me the video below:
This is my latest multirotor, it was made entirely on a Laser cutter every single part (but the electronics)
The camera Gimbel is also laser cut and the entire thing is my design.
Just thought i would like to get your guys thoughts on it.
~A few notes on the design
The arms are raised above the CG to give stability in stable hover and decent.
The motors have a 10% outwards tilt this gives a higher flight speed by allowing a larger tilt in flight, it also gives stability when descending or ascending as the motors give a minute amount of horizontal control.
the under mounting of the motors give a around a 9%efficiency increase as the air is not thrusted onto the arms.
the overall result is a inherently stable design, in one of my recorded flights the motors are completely cut for a few seconds and the copter glides down as the motors auto rotate, it didn't flip or roll or oscillate, it simple glided down.
here is move video footage
It all started with a desire for a lightweight, compact, easily-foldable Y6 airframe... but after hours of scouring the interwebs, I wasn't able to find what I was looking for. I also didn't like the idea of having to carry tools to fold/unfold my copter, or the idea of dropping loose hardware out in the field.
So, I designed and built my own. Ta-da!
The design features carbon fiber plates and tubes, 3d-printed ABS mounts, and a coaxial motor mount with built-in vibration damping. The snap-fold mechanism is very secure, allowing me to go from backpack to flight-ready in seconds -- no tools required! I'm still working on optimizing the electronics mounts and wire routing, but everything has come together quite nicely so far. (These photos were taken with surrogate ABS plates... CNC-cut CF plates should be here this week!)
The most unique feature of this design is that it can also be built as an X4 or even X8 with the same frame parts! Both X and Y variants are approximately 27" in diameter, folding down to about 17" for transport.
Here's a look at the folded X4 strapped to my backpack. It's super lightweight and I can hardly tell the copter is there. I can't wait to hike this thing up a mountain and fly a GoPro around!
As for the light-weight objective mentioned above, the Y airframe weight is about 200g, and the X is about 30g more. With everything except a battery, my X4 weighs 994g, and the Y6 weighs just over 1200g.
I've only brought it up in a hover so far, but I'll be conducting endurance testing in the next week or two. With a 4s/5Ah battery, I'm expecting 15-20 mins of flight time, depending on payload.
Finally, I plan to release the design files as OSH, but I need to tweak a few things first. If anybody's interested in the actual hardware, I have great contacts for both 3d printing and CNC carbon fiber plates.
From DroneJournalism.org:
Two Canadians, a film maker and an emergency room physician, have been held in an prison for almost three weeks now for possessing what the Egyptian government calls "surveillance drones."
The two men, John Greyson and Tarek Loubani, have been on a hunger strike to protest brutal conditions at the prison, according to The Toronto Star.
Greyson, who teaches film theory at York University, and Loubani, who practices emergency medicine in London, Ont., were arrested after Egyptian police found two small quadcopter drones in their hotel room.
The men claim that the drones are used for the quick transport of medical supplies. According to one of Loubani's colleagues interviewed by The Star, the small aircraft would be programmed by hospitals to deliver small amounts of urgently-needed medicine.
Loubani reportedly demonstrated this technology at Al Shifa Hospital in Gaza City, and at London’s Fanshawe College.This detention shows that while drones can put photographers, journalists, and others out of harm's way, there are still risks for those who might wish to use the technology.
Ian Hannah, a Canadian drone pilot and photographer who operates the aerial photography service Avrobotics, wrote in an email that "it shows the danger that may exist even being caught with a drone in certain countries."
"The authorities perceive them as some kind of threat," wrote Hannah, a DroneJournalism.org member. "It's an important lesson for anyone going to these types of locations that there is clearly a great suspicion of this technology."
How we do pre-flight safety and validity checks prior to beginning autonomous flight:
I must admit I was a little flabbergasted at the realization that most of the 'autonomous' flights reported here are in fact relatively 'blind' - I was really under the impression that the 'check-list' concept that now appears as a forum of bright Ideas was a fundamental implementation in the GCS system and a basic part of all operation - Imagine my surprise when I discover that such pre-flight safety and integrity test are not a prerequisite to launch....
In our SurVoyeur system we have a very extensive pre-flight check procedure - I have attached an excerpt from our user manual which gives some of the basic tests that are performed before the system will allow any launch command.
These tests include:
ALL sensor tests ( Gyros, Accelerometers, pressure sensors, GPS, ultrasound rangefinder for autoland)
All moving surface tests ( flaps, ailerons, rudder/elevator)
Throttle
Payload ( camera - focus/snap - video camera)
Ground antenna ( tracking antenna positioner, etc)
There is also a pre flight mechanical checklist the user must manually fill in, as well as a post flight checklist, to check for any mechanical damage, servo damage, etc.
A battery checklist has also to be filled in - cell voltage after flight , with a minimum 1 hour ' rest ' period before measuring, ( shows very quickly if a single cell is starting to fail), and the flight time and Ah recharged must be filled in.
Perhaps some of this is onerous for a 'hobby', but it lays solid ground for any authoritative investigation into any flight incident.
We also record the entire flight and ALL A/C attitudes and flight path, all outputs of all PID control loops, battery, throttle settings, etc, all to aid post flight incident analysis.
At least we would be able to stand up against any investigative authority and have a fighting chance...
Here is the doc, for interest - it is just a small extract..
I believe this sort of approach - tailored to suit the end use, of course, should be mandatory, if only to breed good manners and safety within users.
The Nampilot.
